The Golden Age of Islam essays

The Golden Age of Islam essays The rise of Islam ushered in an entirely new era for the people of the Arabian Peninsula as early as the 7th century CE.  Islam extended itself across the Middle East and then began its conquest of North Africa, reaching into Spain and Eastern Europe.   The 1200s saw Islam's spread into India as well as Southeast Asia.   The success and expansion of Islam throughout these times was founded on the power of the empire's military, the effectiveness of a common language, and the egalitarian practices of leaders regarding conquered peoples. Islamic armies possessed the ability to efficiently and quickly advance the territories of their empires by employing advanced ideas and tactics as well as their superior use of a militant cavalries made up of both horses and camels.   The leaders of these armies and empires treated conquered peoples with remarkable tolerance, once these people agreed to their authority, of course. In combination with this territorial expansion, intellectual e xpansion exploded. This time period is known as the Golden age of Islam and was focused on three main principles of language, trade, and education. In order to read the Quran, a devout Muslim would need to learn Arabic, the original language of the holy book. This religious requirement affected more than just the daily religious practices of Muslims, it aided in uniting the multifarious indigenous cultures within the empire of Islam. The spread of knowledge, technologies, and ideas was made possible by the use of this common language, effectively uniting the culture. Literacy is an important aspect of this transformation. Unifying faiths and languages alone, for all that, did not solely inspire the expansion of literacy and academics cultivated by the Golden Age of Islam, however. Because of expanded trade, the city of Samarkand, on the eastern border of the empire, brought in Chinese technology for making paper. All of a sudden, the time-intensive transforma...

Common Characteristics of the New England Colonies

Common Characteristics of the New England Colonies The North American colonies that were settled by the English are often divided into three different groups: the New England colonies, the Middle colonies, and the Southern colonies. The New England colonies consisted of Massachusetts Bay, New Hampshire, Connecticut, and Rhode Island. These colonies shared many common characteristics that helped define the region. The following is a look at these key characteristics. Physical Characteristics of New England All of the New England colonies had been covered by ice during the last Ice Age, which created poor, rocky soil. The final melt-back of the glaciers left some of the rocky areas peppered with large boulders.Rivers are fairly short and their floodplains are narrow, unlike in other areas of America, and do not allow for the creation of huge agricultural plots along their banks.The major resources available and used by the colonists were lumber and fish. The People of New England The New England region was an area of mostly homogeneous culture, mostly settled by large groups of people from England who were fleeing religious persecution or seeking new opportunities.The New England colonists settled in towns, typically surrounded by 40 square miles of land that were farmed by the individuals who lived in the towns.Indigenous Native American groups such as the Pequot in Connecticut were involved in extensive trading with the Dutch, but the situation became tense when the English started arriving in the 1630s. Britain launched the Pequot War in 1636–1637, after which many Pequot were executed and many survivors were sold into slavery in the Caribbean. In 1666 and 1683, Connecticut colony built two reservations for the remaining Pequot. Major Occupations in New England Agriculture:  Farms surrounding the farms were not terribly fertile. As a group, the farmers brought a high degree of mechanical ingenuity and self-sufficiency.Fishing:  Boston began exporting fish in 1633. In 1639, Massachusetts Bay was exempted from paying taxes on fishing boats; and as a result, by 1700, the fishing industry was huge. The colonists obtained crustaceans and pelagic fish from saltwater bays and freshwater rivers, and Pilgrim fathers also hunted right whales off Cape Cod.Commerce:  Individuals from the New England area were heavily involved in commerce. Extensive trade with England allowed ship holders to flourish, and the New Englanders also maintained lucrative trade connections with the West Indies and French colonies to the north. New England Religion Calvinism and the Social Contract Theory: Many individuals who lived in the New England area were Calvinists or heavily influenced by John Calvins works and thought. While many look at John Locke as the primary founder of the idea of the social contract (which defined proper government as an agreement or contract between the individuals to join together into a society), the Calvinist doctrine was one of the first to espouse the idea in England. The fact that many New England settlers followed the religious doctrines of John Calvin meant that this theory was part of their religious heritage. Further, this belief in the importance of social contracts transferred to economic contracts as well.A Belief in Predestination:  One of the tenets of Calvinism is the idea of predestination. This was the belief that God had already predetermined everything, including who was going to heaven and who to hell. The idea that God had chosen the British colonies for a special destiny  to take the N orth American continent and develop and maintain an ideal of liberty and democracy later fed into 19th century manifest destiny. Congregationalism:  This style of religion means that the church itself was governed by its own members, and the congregation chose its own minister, rather than being assigned one by a hierarchy.Intolerance:  While the Puritans might have escaped England due to religious persecution, they did not come to America to establish religious freedom for all. They wanted to be free to worship the way they wished. In Massachusetts Bay colony, people who did not subscribe to the colony religion were not allowed to vote, and nonconformists such as Anne Hutchinson and Roger Williams were excommunicated from the church and banished from the colony. The Spread of the New England Population The small towns only lasted a few years, as the populations outgrew the 40-acre supporting fields. That resulted in the rapid increase of many new small towns: instead of having a few large metropolises, New England was dotted with many smaller towns that were established by breakaway groups. This low-intensity settlement pattern lasted until the 1790s when a transition to commercial agriculture and small-scale industry began. In essence, during its first few decades, New England was an area that had been founded by a fairly homogeneous population, most of whom shared common religious beliefs. Because the region lacked huge tracts of fertile land, the area turned to commerce and fishing as their main occupations, though individuals within towns still worked small plots of land in the surrounding area. Slavery did not become an economic necessity in New England, as it grew to be in the Southern colonies. This turn to commerce would have a major impact many years later after the founding of the United States when questions of states rights and slavery were being discussed. Sources and Further Reading Carroll, Charles F. The Timber Economy of Puritan New England. Providence: Brown University Press, 1973.Foster, David R. Land-Use History (1730-1990) and Vegetation Dynamics in Central New England, USA. Journal of Ecology 80.4 (1992): 753–71.Foster, David R., Glenn Motzkin, and Benjamin Slater. Land-Use History as Long-Term Broad-Scale Disturbance: Regional Forest Dynamics in Central New England. Ecosystems 1.1 (1998): 96–119.Scott, Donald M. The Religious Origins of Manifest Destiny. Divining America: Religion in American History. National Humanities Center.  Silliman, Stephen W. Change and Continuity, Practice and Memory: Native American Persistence in Colonial New England. American Antiquity 74.2 (2009): 211–30.Stout, Harry S. The New England Soul: Preaching and Religious Culture in Colonial New England. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.  Yankee Whaling. New Bedford Whaling Museum, 2016.

Coca-Cola Company vs. PepsiCo, Inc Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Coca-Cola Company vs. PepsiCo, Inc - Essay Example The two companies have set some pension plans that have had many effects on the companies’ level of investment and risk while also, it affects their levels of sale and production of products. These plans are aimed at benefiting their retired employees while each company uses a quite different approach from the other. The two companies have developed strong public relations across many nations that assist them in linking customers to their company. The International Financial Report Standard (IFRS) has been a significant unit within the management of funds on the pension plan. It helps the companies realize whether the scheme of pension plan brings a loss or a profit for the company. The companies can therefore classify the pension plans as either assets or liabilities according to the IFRS report. It also enables the companies determine whether they have overfunded or underfunded the pension plan. In 2009, the coca-cola company held a third position among the companies that ha ve adopted a cash balance report meant to cater for the pension plan schemes (Diebold, 2010).   The coca-cola executive managers rejected the use of a constitutional approach in funding pension plans. As a result, there were minimized risks to the coca-cola company. Additionally, the company secured more benefits to the employees in comparison to year 2008. Following this actions, the company reported $31.9 billion in revenue operation, which was a higher value compared to $28.9 billion in the preceding year. On the other hand, because of the plan, mobility of the workforce went up while the career benefits accumulated from the plan increased compared to the preceding approach that dealt with pension plan. During the same year, 2009, Pepsi Co Company, through the assistance of the International Financial Report Standard (IFRS), developed a method of offering a final salary pension to the new employees. These were meant to benefit its workers and their family members upon their ret irement. This plan included medical fees among other benefits for the retired employee and is differently calculated. This method required a high quality pension scheme capable of securing the retirement of both the present and the newly employed workers. Up to date, the method is still applied in the company (Warfield et al. 2012). However, the method posed a higher risk to the Pepsi Company and brought in a decline of the total sales of Pepsi as compared to the year 2008. At Pepsi Company, Pension plans cover full time employees while their benefits are determined on the bases of either years of service for the worker, or a combination of service or the years of service. Retirees are eligible for life and medical insurance benefits upon meeting a specific age and service requirements. Their share of the pension costs is capped at certain dollar amounts on bases of years of service. The expected return on the pension plan assets is based on the company’s investment strategy on the pension plan as well as on their expectations for their long-term rates of return. In calculating their funding levels and capital gains in the pension plans, a market-related valuation method that realizes investment loses or gains for the securities included in their equity allocations. With complete reliance to the Financial Report Standard (IFRS), the company ensures that the amount of funds allocated for the pension plan does not exceed the expected gains. This is

Animal Behaviour Questionnaire Assignment #3 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Animal Behaviour Questionnaire #3 - Assignment Example The behavior of the male lions on the other hand is slightly different because, lions have the tendency of assessing each other’s manes and liked to generally engage in fights without any actual physical contact. However, the darkness of the mane exuded that it was thicker than lighter mane and therefore lend better protection in a fight (West et al,2006, p609) Therefore, the lighter maned ones rarely approached the dark maned models. Dark colored manes means the lion must be aggressive and strong therefore the weaker light colored lions steer clear of the darker maned ones to avoid chanced of confrontations. 3. The findings that indicate that the gender of a species responsible for parental care lives longer is not completely true since it cannot be accurately concluded from the length of an individual’s lifespan that prolonged lifespan was a result of parental behavior among the species. It is also inaccurate the among species which takes a long time to grow and mature, longer lifespan of the parental sex has gained selection advantage is also since a long life is beneficial for the species as a whole and not in terms of individual life spans. There may be alternate explanations for the prolonged lifespan of the parental gender than that of the non-parental gender. We may perhaps propose that among animals where the female is the care provider, the resources are first taken by the female sin order to feed the young ones of the group. The resources therefore decrease and become limited for the male members of the grout which enhances intraspecific competition for resources among the male members leading to life-shortening risks to acquire the resources for survival. On the other hand among species where the male members are responsible for giving care, the female members compete over the limited resources and

Changes in Faith and the Coming of Age Essay Example for Free

Changes in Faith and the Coming of Age Essay In â€Å"Bless Me Ultima† by Rudolfo Anaya, Ultima represents the benevolent guide for Toni, in â€Å"Night† by Elie Wiesel, God serves as Elie’s benevolent guide. Both of these guides serve to help Toni and Elie decide where they stand in terms of their faith and religion and come to age in the process. In â€Å"Bless Me Ultima† Toni starts out firmly believing in God as taught so vehemently by his own mother, Elie also starts out by having faith, even more so than Toni as is shown by his admiration, even adoration of Moshe the Beathe and when he says â€Å" Why did I pray?-Why did I live? Why did I breathe?†. Both Toni and Elie believe what they have been taught too believe but Elie believes even more whole-heartedly than Toni which is why his seperation from God is much more brutal and sudden than Toni’s own seperation. Both boys are on the brink of being thrown into turnmoil and hardships that their fragile minds, bodies and beliefs are not ready for. When Ultima first comes to live with Toni and his family, Toni is intimidated by her precense but quickly warms up to her and in the process begins to witness and experience a side of spiritualism he never knew existed. Elie’s faith does not change but rather begins to dissipate throughout the novel due to his experiences as does Toni’s faith in God.Ultima serves as Toni’s protector, guide, and nurturer as does the figure and belief in God for Elie. The death of Lupito plants the seed of doubt in God in Toni’s mind as does the death of the pipel in Elie’s mind. None of these events succeed in shattering their faiths but it suceeds in managing to make them question their faith. With Narcisso and Florence’s death comes the further loss of faith in God for Toni and the further witnessing of pain, death, and cruelty makes Elie alternate between belief and disbelief in his once precious God. Both Toni and Elie are let down by their own God’s silence. Toni says â€Å" There was nothing, only silence† when he is in the confessional waiting for a reply from God and Elie says â€Å"Why should I sanctify His name? The Almighty, the  eternal and terrible Master of the Universe chose to be silent, what was there to thank him for?† when everybody else is praying to God. The constant days and nights full of terror, fear, torture, and the desolation that came with the death of his father finally broke Elie and his faith in God if even for a moment. Elie says â€Å"Never shall I forget those moments that murdered my God and my soul and turned my dreams to ashes.† The same happens to Toni due to the deaths he has been witness to and especially the death of Ultima. In the book Toni says â€Å" Everything I believed in was destroyed. A painful, wrenching in my heart made me cry aloud, â€Å"My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?†. The difference between Toni and Elie was that Toni’s benevolent guide who was Ultima gave him the ability to regain faith even if it was not towards God himself. Elie’s benevolent guide was God himself so when his faith was shattered he had no other place to direct his faith towards. At the end of the novel Toni manages to hold on to a form of faith prompted by others that could not have been managed without the influence of Ultima and Eli begins to regain faith in God himself even through his ordeals due to the unwavering faith he had in God in the beginning. Both characters learn that only through experiences and hardships can innocence be lost and maturity be gained as shown when Toni says â€Å"The tragic consequences of life can be overcome by strenght that resides in the human heart.†, and when Elie says â€Å" There are victories of the soul and spirit, sometimes even if you lose, you win.† Ultima and God, the symbolic benevolent spirits of both of these characters helped them decide what they believe in in the form of faith and come of age through this process.

The main differences between poems are described by Metaphysical and Classical. :: English Literature

The main differences between poems are described by Metaphysical and Classical. The main differences between poems are described by Metaphysical and Classical. The most famous metaphysical poets would be John Dunn and Marvell, and then the most famous classical poets would be Marlowe and Johnson. Metaphysical being the more interesting makes use of arguments to persuade this can also be described as dialectic. Then Classical is more "Carpe Diem" (Seize the Day) being simpler and with all the verses being the same and in a Starvea (irregular) and an example of this is the poem To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time. The poem, To his coy mistress is very much Carpe Diem but the poet Andrew Marvell who wrote it was influenced by both Metaphysical and Classical types of poetry, the way in the beginning of the poem he seems to talk about things in a very slow way, walking, time slowing down to try to woe the women in a much quicker, the poem also shows a lot of Petrachan influences as when Andrew Marvell says 'Thine eyes, and on thy forehead gaze' and 'Thy beauty shall no more be found'. The poem is very much more in use of words that show the women in which the poem is talking about as being a goddess as I said earlier; this seems to play a large part in the poem. Another poem which is also very Carpe Diem is, to the virgins, to make much of time, this poem uses irregular (starvea) stress' and unstressed' words, but does have a regular amount of feet throughout the poem. The poem seems to be stating to a woman that she should not wait at all and get married in her youth when she still can, it is speaking as though the women has no other option than to get married in her youthful times. The writer, Robert Herrick, is using the sun also as a use of time saying to hurry before the sun sets and it will be too late for the sun and the women marrying times are gone. The poem The Flea is very different to the other two before, it is a metaphysical poem which is much more interesting, it uses a much more dialectic view of wooing a women. It uses the fact that as a flea has bitten both the poet and the women of whom he is in love with, that it means that there are three lives all together in one and that him and his love almost 'more than maryed are'.

Economic and Social Development in Post-Independence Jamaica and Barbados Essay

Jamaica and Barbados have socially and economically advanced since their independences. Each country has been able to economically sustain itself without the assistance of Britain, which used to govern the two as territories. But despite the two countries’ self-regulation and reliance, both of the nations are quite poor, and are considered third world countries. Jamaican and Barbadian History Both of the two nations were originally colonized by Great Britain (after being discovered by the Spanish) under the mercantilism policy, which encouraged European colonization of other areas. This was because the policy showed that a nation’s prosperity could be determined by its adequacy in trade, and exports were far more valuable than imports under the policy. So European nations that could not produce particular products on their own would colonize other areas that could, so they could use the goods, and export them to other nations that did not have the means to acquire those particular goods on their own. So many of the Caribbean islands that Britain colonized were exploited because of their warm climates, which allowed them to grow certain crops, such as sugar. This crop was one of the main reasons that Britain had colonized such territories as Jamaica and Barbados. Jamaica’s Independence and its Economic Enterprises Thereafter It was in 1962 that the United Kingdom’s parliament granted Jamaica its independence, after which the nation ceased to be regulated by its European founder. After its independence, the Jamaican government arose, and began sponsoring employment opportunities, though many jobs arose in the private sector. Sugar and bananas were the original crops grown in Jamaica, and exported to locations worldwide, and the cultivation of these crops serves as a major source of employment on the island. The nation’s tropical climate makes it a suitable location for the growing of these crops, which cannot be grown in the United States or Europe, so some of the sugar and bananas in those areas come from Jamaica. Jamaican Exports and Recent Economic Problems Jamaica also has a natural supply of bauxite, which is a source of aluminum ore, and is therefore a valuable product, which employs many people as miners. But recently, the economic status of the island has been declining. Periods of unfavorable weather have led to a sharp decrease in the production of sugar cane and bananas over the last decade, and inflation has been plaguing the island. The recent lack of favorable agricultural activity has been so extreme that the nation has been forced to import products that, if conditions were better, Jamaica could produce itself. But lately, coffee has been another profitable crop that can be grown around the island’s blue mountains area, when sugar and bananas cannot, and it serves as a primary export, and source of national income. Other Industries in Jamaica Jamaica also has an industry concerned with the rearing of domestic animals, and a dairy industry. But that has also been declining, and the nation has actually been importing milk, butter, and cheese from elsewhere. Other smaller cash crops of the island include citrus fruits, such as oranges, and cocoa, but the industries concerned with those crops are considerably smaller than that of the sugar sector. Mining employs a small number of citizens, as does fishing, and foresting, as loggers are able to export lumber to countries that do not have access to the same tropical woods. Also in Jamaica is the manufacturing industry, which usually accounts for just under 20% of the nation’s GDP annually. Tourism has also proved to be a profitable market for the nation, and it serves as a social and economic boost for the nation, but since the turn of the century, tourism has been slower in Jamaica. Barbados’ Independence and Its Trade History Barbados achieved its independence from the United Kingdom in 1966, after which the nation began governing and regulating itself. Since that time, sugar cane has proved to be the greatest contribution to the nation’s employment, and it serves as Barbados’ most significant export. In 1961, five years before the country’s independence from great Britain, Barbados opened the Deep Water Harbour port, located in Bridgetown, which serves as the nation’s main port, and allows large container ships and freighters to export sugar and manufactured products Barbados’ Manufacturing Sector Although sugar was for some time the main source of income for the nation, recently, manufacturing and tourism has been increasing in Barbados. The manufacturing sector began in the 1980s, and continued to be a profitable investment in the country into the 1990s, as certain companies exploited the nation’s cheap labor to save money on manufacturing in the United States and Europe. The United States has proved to be the main trade partner of Barbados, which also relies on certain imports from the United States. â€Å"The United States remained Barbados’ leading trade partner in 1987 with transactions valued at $189 million ($128 million in U. S. exports and $61 million in U.  S. imports),† an article for Business America, entitled Barbados: economy relies on U. S. for products, investment – Business Outlook Abroad reported of the trade status in 1988. â€Å"Moreover, Barbados continued to welcome American investment in virtually all sectors of the economy. In addition to direct investors, in recent years Barbados has attracted a sizable number of American captive insurers, international business companies, and foreign sales corporations largely through a bilateral double taxation agreement. This means that at an earlier time, the economy of the nation was stabilized by foreign investments, and exports that served to preserve trade relations between the United States and Barbados. Trade Alliances and Foreign Investments And with Barbados’ good terms with the United States came the tourism industry. American, Canadian, and European tourists provide the nation with a stable tourism industry that serves as a main source of income on the nation. Foreign interests in the nation that led to the tourism industry was somewhat of an atypical event for a Caribbean country, as most nations in the area have not been able to capitalize on the industry, or attract foreign investors in its markets as Barbados did. Major tourism projects, such as resorts and cruise adventures continue to benefit the nation’s tourism industry, and satisfied tourists keep the industry alive. Federal and Private Programs in Barbados Recently, government-regulated ventures in the nation have been turning into privatized corporations. The government of the nation is not satisfied with the high unemployment rate, so it is trying to encourage small businesses to form, and stabilize themselves, because this should lead to the creation of jobs. But lately, nationally sponsored programs such as offshore banking enterprises, and foreign exchange moderation by Barbados have proved to be effective ways of earning the nation capital. Most manufacturing and sugar cane production, however, is done in the private sector, and is not federally regulated. This allows small businesses and farmers to have steady employment, and the steady production of crops allows the nation to not only export the crops, but use them itself, which decreases Barbados’ reliance on imports from other nations. Both Jamaica and Barbados have been able to maintain themselves to some degree, economically and socially since their independences from Britain. The development of Jamaica, however, was much more typical for a West Indian nation than was the development of Barbados, because Jamaica was not able to draw foreign investors and establish particularly coordinated trade patterns like Barbados was. In this aspect, Barbados was much more successful than were most West Indian nations, as it was able to maintain exports even when economic times were difficult. The Jamaican economy has been experiencing more problems than that of Barbados, and inflation in Jamaica is causing serious problems. Barbados, however, unlike most Caribbean nations, has been able to rebound, and it has a very high rate of tourism, which provides the nation with a steady rate of foreign income.

Final Exam Solution Essay

1) Two information systems that support the entire organization are BIS 220 final exam question 2) _______ is the direct use of information systems by employees in their work 3) ______ attempt to duplicate the work of human experts by applying reasoning capabilities 4) ______ issues involve who may obtain information and how much they should pay for this information Bis 220 final exam 5) _____ issues involve collecting, storing, and disseminating information about individuals. 6) Your company’s computers have been taken over by an attacker and used to attack another organization’s information systems. Your problem is which of the following? 7) You are the only person in your office to upgrade to Microsoft ® Word 2010. Before you share documents with coworkers, you should do which of the following? 8) Which of the following is detected by the contextual spelling checker? 9) If your cursor is near the bottom of a page and you want to display the next paragraph you type at the top of a new page, you should use which of  the following? 10) Your ______ is the collection of traceable data that is captured when you use various information technologies such as credit cards or the Internet 11) No alphabetic characters in a social security number field is an example of 12) In a database, the primary key field is used to 13) Search engines and metasearch engines are examples of which network application? 14) ______ portals coordinate content within relatively narrow organizational and partners’ communities 15) Workflow, groupware, and telepresence systems are examples of which network application? 16) Which type of e-commerce does an organization provide information and services to its workers? 17) _______ auctions are the most common auction model for large purchases. 18) ______ collect data from many points over an extended space. 19) Which type of satellite has the largest footprint? 20) Which of the following is the most appropriate wireless networking standard for creating personal area networks? 21) If cell D15 contains the formula =$C$5*D15, what is the D15 in the formula? 22) What should you do if you see a column of pound signs (###) instead of  values or results of formulas? 23) ______ feasibility determines if the project is an acceptable financial risk and if the organization can afford the expense and time needed to complete the project 24) In the traditional systems development life cycle, users 25) To create a Microsoft ® PowerPoint ® presentation based on an installed template, click the 26) Which of the following demotes a bullet point from the first level to the second level in Outline view in Microsoft ® PowerPoint ®? 27) ________ connects parts of the intranets of different organizations and allows secure communications among business partners 28) ______ is a system with universally accepted standards for storing, retrieving, formatting, and displaying information via a client/server architecture 29) A process that allows users to place information in multiple, overlapping associations is called 30) ________ are websites that provide collections of content from all over the World Wide Web

Emperor Hirohito of Japan

Emperor Hirohito of Japan Hirohito, also known as the Emperor Showa, was Japans longest-serving emperor (r. 1926 - 1989).   He ruled the country for just over sixty-two extremely tumultuous years, including the build-up to World War II, the war era, post-war reconstruction, and Japans economic miracle.   Hirohito remains an extremely controversial figure; as the leader of the Empire of Japan during its violently expansionist phase, many observers considered him a war criminal.   Who was Japans 124th emperor? Early Life Hirohito was born on April 29, 1901, in Tokyo, and was given the name Prince Michi.   He was the first son of the Crown Prince Yoshihito, later Emperor Taisho, and Crown Princess Sadako (Empress Teimei).   At the age of just two months, the infant prince was sent away to be raised by Count Kawamura Sumiyoshis household.   The count passed away three years later, and the little prince and a younger brother returned to Tokyo. When the prince was eleven years old, his grandfather, Emperor Meiji, died and the boys father became the Emperor Taisho.   The boy now became the heir apparent to the Chrysanthemum Throne and was commissioned into the army and the navy.   His father was not healthy and proved a weak emperor compared with the illustrious Meiji Emperor. Hirohito went to a school for children of the elites from 1908 to 1914, and the went into special training as the crown prince from 1914 to 1921.   With his formal education completed, the Crown Prince became the first in Japanese history to tour Europe, spending six months exploring Great Britain, Italy, France, Belgium, and the Netherlands.   This experience had a powerful effect on the 20-year-old Hirohitos worldview, and he often preferred western food and clothing afterward.   When Hirohito returned home, he was named as Regent of Japan on November 25, 1921. His father was incapacitated by neurological problems, and could no longer rule the country.   During Hirohitos regency, a number of key events took place including the Four-Power Treaty with the US, Britain, and France; the Great Kanto Earthquake of September 1, 1923; the Toranomon Incident, in which a communist agent tried to assassinate Hirohito; and the extension of voting privileges to all men 25 and older.   Hirohito also married the imperial princess Nagako in 1924; they would have seven children together. Emperor Hirohito On December 25, 1926, Hirohito took the throne following his fathers death.   His reign was declared the Showa era, meaning Enlightened Peace- this would turn out to be a wildly inaccurate name.   According to Japanese tradition, the emperor was a direct descendant of Amaterasu, the Sun Goddess, and thus was a deity rather than an ordinary human being.   Hirohitos early reign was extremely turbulent.   Japans economy fell into crisis even before the Great Depression hit, and the military assumed greater and greater power.   On January 9, 1932, a Korean independence activist threw a hand grenade at the emperor and nearly killed him in the Sakuradamon Incident. The prime minister was assassinated the same year, and an attempted military coup followed in 1936.   The coup participants murdered a number of top government and Army leaders, prompting Hirohito to demand that the Army crush the rebellion. Internationally, this was also a chaotic time.   Japan invaded and seized Manchuria in 1931, and used the pretext of the Marco Polo Bridge Incident in 1937 to invade China proper.   This marked the beginning of the Second Sino-Japanese War.   Hirohito did not lead the charge in to China, and was concerned that the Soviet Union might oppose the move, but did offer suggestions about how to carry out the campaign. World War II Although in the aftermath of the war, Emperor Hirohito was depicted as a hapless pawn of the Japanese militarists, unable to stop the march into full-scale war, in fact he was a more active participant.   For example, he personally authorized the use of chemical weapons against the Chinese, and also gave informed consent prior to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.   However, he was very concerned (and rightly so) that Japan would over-extend itself in trying to seize essentially all of East and Southeast Asia in the planned Southern Expansion. Once the war was underway, Hirohito required that the military brief him regularly, and worked with Prime Minister Tojo to coordinate Japans efforts.   This degree of involvement from an emperor was unprecedented in Japanese history.   As the Imperial Japanese armed forces swept through the Asia-Pacific region in the first half of 1942, Hirohito was thrilled with their success.   When the tide began to turn at the Battle of Midway, the emperor pressed the military to find a different route of advance. Japans media still reported every battle as a great victory, but the public began to suspect that the war was actually not going well.   The US began devastating air raids against Japans cities in 1944, and all pretext of imminent victory was lost.  Ã‚   Hirohito issued an imperial order in late June of 1944 to the people of Saipan, encouraging Japanese civilians there to commit suicide rather than surrendering to the Americans.   Over 1,000 of them followed this order, jumping from cliffs during the final days of the Battle of Saipan. During the early months of 1945, Hirohito still held out hope for a grand victory in World War II.   He arranged private audiences with senior government and military officials, almost all of whom advised continuing the war.   Even after Germany surrendered in May of 1945, the Imperial Council decided to continue to fight.   However, when the US dropped the atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August, Hirohito announced to the cabinet and the imperial family that he was going to surrender, so long as the surrender terms did not compromise his position as the ruler of Japan. On August 15, 1945, Hirohito made a radio address announcing Japans surrender.   It was the first time that ordinary people had ever heard their emperors voice; he used intricate, formal language unfamiliar to most commoners, however.   Upon hearing of his decision, fanatical militarists immediately tried to stage a coup and seized the Imperial Palace, but Hirohito ordered the uprising quelled immediately. Aftermath of the War According to the Meiji Constitution, the emperor is in full control of the military.   On those grounds, many observers in 1945 and since have argued that Hirohito should have been tried for the war crimes committed by Japanese forces during World War II.   In addition, Hirohito personally authorized the use of chemical weapons during the Battle of Wuhan in October of 1938, among other violations of international law. However, the US was afraid that die-hard militarists would turn to guerrilla war if the emperor was deposed and put on trial.   The American occupation government decided to that it needed Hirohito.   Meanwhile, Hirohitos three younger brothers pressed him to abdicate and allow one of them to serve as regent until Hirohitos eldest son, Akihito, came of age.   However, US General Douglas MacArthur, the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers in Japan, nixed that idea.   The Americans even worked to make sure that other defendants in the war crimes trials would down-play the emperors role in wartime decision making, in their testimony. Hirohito did have to make one large concession, however.   He had to explicitly repudiate his own divine status; this renunciation of divinity did not have much effect within Japan, but was widely reported overseas. Later Reign For more than forty years after the war, Emperor Hirohito carried out the duties of a constitutional monarch.   He made public appearances, met with foreign leaders in Tokyo and abroad, and conducted research on marine biology in a special laboratory in the Imperial Palace.   He published a number of scientific papers, mostly on new species within the class Hydrozoa.   In 1978 Hirohito also instituted an official boycott of the Yasukuni Shrine, because Class A war criminals had been enshrined there. On January 7, 1989, Emperor Hirohito died of duodenal cancer.   He had been ill for more than two years, but the public was not informed of his condition until after his death.   Hirohito was succeeded by his eldest son, Prince Akihito.

Free sample - Edith stein. translation missing

Edith stein. Edith stein1. What type of experience does Stein argue for the temptations of Jesus of Nazareth? Stein argues that the temptations of Jesus were right from the beginning meant to open the doors of life without end for human being. She continues to argue that, following the temptations that Jesus underwent, Christians can only pay back by being strong not to be tempted just like Jesus. Prayers are the only surest way to resist temptations. Was the experience a historical event, vision, or subjective experience? Her experience on this was like a subjective experience because she even wrote a book on the same. Although she did not finish writing it she concluded it basing it on truth of temptations she had experienced so many times. She strongly believed that, as the disciple of Christ, temptations were a daily thing. What arguments does she use to support her answer? The fact that she had suffered so much in the hands of the then government due to her denomination made her to argue that, temptations usually come but they are not meant to last.   She also argues that, just like Jesus underwent temptations and did not give up, she is also not ready to give up. 2. What are the three temptations faced by Jesus? The first temptation is when Jesus was required to manufacture bread form stones. The second requires him to let himself fall from a cliff and let the angels rescue him. Finally the devil requests him to worship him and by so doing he will give him authority over the world. How do the temptations differ in Mark, Matthew and Luke? To begin with, Luke and Mathew differ on how the second and third temptations are arranged. In the gospel of Mark Jesus’ temptations are not even clear unless one clearly reads with a lot of keenness. The two books which one can easily read the temptations of Jesus and understand are Mathew and Luke. 3. According to Stein how are we to understand the term, â€Å"wilderness†? Wilderness according to Stein can be likened to the hardships that Christians are experiencing while serving Christ. Just like Jesus experienced hardships in the wilderness Christians are no exception as Jesus serves as role model. 4. What is the meaning of each temptation according to Stein? The first temptation serves as a wake up call on Christians to resist the worldly things just like Jesus because they will soon come to an end just like bread. The second temptation according to Stein is that Jesus set a classic example by not testing his father. She calls upon Christians not to do things deliberately looking forward to Christ to save them. That to her, is a sin. In the third temptation, although she is not specific, she says that many people have been driven by promises from friends and people close to them and have abandoned the word of god and have followed them. Just like Christ, she calls upon those people to remember eternal life cannot be compared to any worldly thing. 5. How does Stein understand Jesus’ concept of the â€Å"Kingdom of God†? She categorically said this about Jesus’ concept of the kingdom of God, that the kingdom is God in us and us in Him. The kingdom is God manifesting himself in Christians and Christians in return manifest themselves in Christ. 6. What is the significance of calling God, â€Å"Abba†? The significance of Abba in her life was that even when she is experiencing embarrassment, suffering and loneliness of the cross, she experiences Christ love and being there for her which gave her a back up when he really needed it. Abba is the one that protects her therefore having a sense of security. She continues to say that, in the arms of Abba, she feels like a child being protected by strong hands of the father. This sense of security has enabled her to commit herself fully to the work of Christ. Works cited: E. Stein: St. Teresa Benedicta of the Cross. Rome 1998

You choose the topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

You choose the topic - Essay Example In effect, I offered the organization with outstanding service to enable it to engage all the stakeholders in order to solve the hunger problem in the communities. The volunteering service at Feeding America Eastern Wisconsin used to start at 9 A.M and end at 4 P.M with breaks between the tasks. My primary task was to assist in sorting and labeling of various foodstuffs in the warehouse to distribute to the hungry people in the community. I used as heavy at fifteen-pound foodstuffs. My objectives were to meet the community needs and learn how organizations address them while gaining practical skills to apply and effect a positive change in the real world. In the course of the community service, my objective evolved according to the demands of different tasks. I constantly applied leadership skills that I mastered during the execution of tasks in the warehouse. Largely, I met my objectives of serving the community and bringing a positive change to the people’s lives. It was a pleasure to learn that apart from donating and volunteering at Feeding America Eastern Wisconsin an individual can hold food drives. I did not know that the organization invites such drives aimed at collecting foodstuffs to assist in alleviating hunger. In fact, I can now hold food drives in my learning institution to help the organization get enough foodstuffs. In effect, the Feeding America Eastern Wisconsin exercises a high level of social responsibility in issues central to humanity. Notably, the organization collaborates with other agencies to ensure that the hunger stricken communities live a pleasant life. The level of interaction between the organization and the community aims at enhancing the quality of the society. Similarly, the interaction between the volunteers and the organization’s workforce is remarkable and allows individuals to dedicate their efforts towards alleviating poverty. The harmonious relationship enabled me to contribute positively to the organization.